[License-discuss] Draft for discussion: Project Tick General Public License v2.0 (only)

[Pamela Chestek]

This license is a good example of why it is highly unlikely that a 
license not written by a lawyer can be approved. Legal writing is very 
formulaic with a number of interpretive principles applied when they are 
written. If you are not familiar with these principles and following 
standard drafting practices, there is a high risk that the legal 
document will not function as intended. I did not read much past the 
definitions section and spotted many, many drafting problems.

I am looking at the version of the license you submitted to 
license-discuss on January 21 at 10:10 am PST; there are so many 
versions I'm not sure what's what. I see that the one you just submitted 
to license-review appears substantially different but I haven't looked 
at that license.

In terms of drafting problems, first, a preamble is to provide context 
for interpretation of the operative terms of the agreement. When an 
agreement is well-drafted, the preamble does not have any operative 
terms in it. The reason is when you say the same thing twice, once in 
the preamble and then in the terms, you have almost surely created a 
loophole or ambiguity. The preamble is also not a place to explain what 
you're trying to do - what you're trying to do should be clear from the 
terms of the agreement. If you have to explain what you are trying to do 
in the preamble, then there may be something wrong with how you've 
written the terms.

With that context, your preamble is problematic. As an easy example, you 
grant a patent license in the preamble, stating "Each contributor to a 
covered Work grants a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent 
license ..." and also grant a license in section VIII. Undoubtedly these 
two grants can be interpreted in different ways because anytime you say 
things twice, unless they are /exactly/ the same, you created the 
potential for two different interpretations. As another example, you say 
in the preamble "this License does not impose any obligation to 
distribute future versions of a Work under the same terms." However, in 
Section III(c) you say "You must license the modified Work, as a whole, 
under this License ..." Isn't a "future version" also a "modified Work"? 
So which is correct?

You have even blurred the line between operative terms and the preamble 
in your own questions. Below you say

> 1. Explicit opt-in for network-based source obligations
>
> Relevant text:
> > This License does not require network-based source disclosure
> > unless the copyright holder has expressly chosen to enable such
> > obligations by an Explicit Network Use Notice.
>
> > “Explicit Network Use Notice” means a clear and prominent notice
> > placed by the copyright holder stating that operation of the Work
> > through a computer network shall be treated as conveying for the
> > purposes of source availability.

The text you quote, "This License does not require ...", is in the 
preamble. It is immediately followed by the sentence "The binding terms 
governing use, modification, and conveyance of covered Works are set 
forth below." So you have quoted a part of the agreement that isn't a 
operative term for your statement that there isn't a requirement to 
disclose source code unless one opts in.

When I dig deeper and try to figure how this requirement is manifested 
in the actual terms of the agreement, it's anything but clear. There is 
something called an "Explicit Network Use Notice" where,"If the Work, or 
a modified version of the Work, is operated primarily for the purpose of 
providing its functionality or output to third parties through a 
computer network, including via hosted, remote, or internet-accessible 
services, such operation may be treated as conveyance solely for the 
purpose of triggering the source availability obligations expressly set 
forth in this License, where an Explicit Network Use Notice applies." 
There is nothing in the license that says where this notice is supposed 
to be - is it appended to the license, is it in the documentation, is it 
on a webpage somewhere, how is the user supposed to know whether or not 
they've located the "Explicit Network Use Notice"? If this is acceptable 
for an open source license at all (and I agree with Bruce that this 
mechanism, in effect, means this is two different licenses, one that 
treats availability remotely as a "conveyance" and one that does not), 
it is poorly implemented.

Moving to the definitions, I stopped after the first two.

> "Compatible License" means a license that is compatible with this
> License under applicable copyright law, without imposing additional
> restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted under this License.
Defining "compatible" circularly as "compatible" isn't helpful. In my 
experience, license compatibility is a concept unique to open source 
licenses, and I bet if you polled open source lawyers even they wouldn't 
agree on exactly what it means. So this term probably needs more 
explanation.
>
>  "Copyright" refers to laws similar to copyright that apply to other
> types of Works, such as semiconductor chips.
>
What, the term "Copyright" doesn't include copyright law itself, only 
laws "similar" to copyright law??

I didn't review all the definitions, but I assume there others have 
similar flaws.

And, although you have a definitions section, there are also multiple 
definitions in at least Sections II and VIII for terms that are used 
throughout the agreement. It's okay to have a definition within a 
section if it's only relevant to that section (like "entity transaction" 
in Section VII), but if someone needs to go find a definition it should 
be easy to find.

There are numbered and unnumbered subsections. The unnumbered parts 
appear to be explanatory material, so I question whether they belong in 
the agreement at all. If they are needed, they should be numbered so 
they can be easily referenced, either elsewhere in the document or when 
talking about the document, as we are doing here.

The OSI does not approve licenses that are poorly drafted, so these are 
problems that have to be fixed before you submit the license for 
approval. These, and many other issues, are all problems that a lawyer 
skilled in drafting would avoid.

You also asked some policy questions:

> - Explicit opt-in treatment of network-based source obligations
This makes use and adoption of the license more challenging for several 
reasons. First is practical; you haven't made it easy for a user to 
figure out whether they have the obligation or not. Second is that 
adoption is more unlikely because the compliance obligations are more 
complicated. Or should the user just assume that all the works under 
this license have the notice and meet the more stringent compliance 
obligations, to make their lives simpler? In that case you've undermined 
your reason for relieving them of the obligation. License compliance is 
already quite difficult and you're making it harder. The OSI only 
approves licenses that have a potential audience larger than just one 
project, and this complexity is a strike against it.

I also don't see the niche that this option fills. In the network 
context, if someone doesn't want to impose any compliance obligations 
for a network service, then use the GPL. If you want to impose them, 
then use the AGPL. So what unserved need does this license fill?

> - Network operation triggers source availability only, not full 
> conveyance
I don't know what you mean by "full conveyance." To "convey" is defined 
as "any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or 
receive copies ...", so I don't know what "full" means in association 
with the word "conveyance."

I assume what you are trying to say is that someone providing the 
software as a service over a network has a more limited set of 
obligations than someone who is distributing the software. If that's the 
meaning, there are clearer ways to state it in the text. Your quoted 
language uses "source availability obligations" without either defining 
it or pointing to a section number, which creates significant 
interpretation problems. But I don't see a problem with the concept 
under open source principles that some users have fewer obligations than 
others, as long as the rights of the least privileged are sufficient.

> - Service-aware definition of Corresponding Resource
I don't see the definition of "Corresponding Resource" as narrower than 
Source Code or service-aware. The definition of "Corresponding 
Resource"//starts with "all Source Code required to generate, install, 
run, and modify the Work, including ...." and then adds more components. 
The definition of "Source Code" also has its own laundry list of parts, 
"includ[ing] all files, definitions, scripts, build instructions, and 
materials necessary ..." So if you are saying that someone providing the 
software over a network only has to provide "Corresponding Resource," 
the definitions say they have to provide the Source Code plus something 
more - or maybe not, depending on the congruence of the laundry lists 
for the two definitions.  You also use the term "Corresponding Resource" 
in the definition of "User Product," which is not a network interaction, 
further confusing things. So I don't think you've accomplished what you 
were trying to accomplish.

> -  Anti-gatekeeping and equal-access requirements
I believe you go too far when you say a distributor must not condition 
access on "payment, exclusive agreements, subscription status, [or] 
customer classification." What this means is that the "Corresponding 
Resource" must be made available to the public. This is beyond what the 
GPL requires, which is that you only have to give the source code to 
those who have the object code, not the public at large. You are also 
possibly saying that the code has to be maintained in perpetuity because 
someone's "policy" of deleting deprecated versions interferes with 
access. I think the concept is fine, but the way its been implemented is 
overreaching.
> - Managed platforms and technological measures
>
The license says

> This Section does not prohibit the use of technical mechanisms that are
> designed solely to ensure system integrity, security, authenticity, or
> reliable distribution, including but not limited to secure boot
> mechanisms, cryptographic signature verification, or platform-level
> distribution requirements, provided that such mechanisms do not prevent
> recipients from accessing, modifying, or conveying the Corresponding
> Resource of the covered Work under the terms of this License.

I believe this is an acceptable provision and may not even go far 
enough. Right now the Software Freedom Conservancy is trying to assert a 
right to reinstall the software on the original device. Your requirement 
doesn't assure that, but perhaps it should, with "accessing, modifying, 
conveying /and reinstalling/ ...."

To summarize, the OSI can't overlook poor quality drafting; the quality 
of the writing is as important as the rights and obligations you are 
trying to convey because the rights and obligations can't be observed as 
you intend if they aren't stated in a clear and precise way with as 
little ambiguity as humanly possible. You have told us what you are 
trying to do with the license, but the question is whether the language 
of the license actually does what you are trying to do, and at the 
moment it does not.

Finally, my comments are by no means comprehensive and are just 
exemplary, to demonstrate the kinds of problems that the document 
contains. I am sympathetic to what you want to do, but this license is 
never going to be a high enough quality for the OSI to approve if you 
don't have it cleaned up by a contract lawyer who is at least familiar 
with, if not highly skilled in, open source licenses.

Pam

Pamela S. Chestek
Chestek Legal
4641 Post St.
Unit 4316
El Dorado Hills, CA 95762
+1 919-800-8033
pamela at chesteklegal
www.chesteklegal.com


On 1/22/2026 6:07 AM, M.samet Duman via License-discuss wrote:
> Hello Bruce,
> Hello all,
>
> Thank you for the guidance. I understand the concern about review 
> scope and time investment.
>
> Based strictly on the current PT-GPL v2 text, below are five specific 
> areas where the license is intended to diverge from existing copyleft 
> licenses. For each point, I have included only the relevant operative 
> language, followed by a short statement of intent.
>
> ---
>
> 1. Explicit opt-in for network-based source obligations
>
> Relevant text:
> > This License does not require network-based source disclosure
> > unless the copyright holder has expressly chosen to enable such
> > obligations by an Explicit Network Use Notice.
>
> > “Explicit Network Use Notice” means a clear and prominent notice
> > placed by the copyright holder stating that operation of the Work
> > through a computer network shall be treated as conveying for the
> > purposes of source availability.
>
> Intent:
> Unlike AGPL-style copyleft, network-based obligations are not 
> automatic. The copyright holder explicitly decides whether network 
> operation should trigger source availability.
>
> ---
>
> 2. Network operation triggers source availability only, not full 
> conveyance
>
> Relevant text:
> > Such operation may be treated as conveyance solely for the purpose
> > of triggering the source availability obligations expressly set forth
> > in this License, where an Explicit Network Use Notice applies.
>
> > This License does not require disclosure of unrelated systems,
> > independent services, or proprietary infrastructure that are not
> > derived from the covered Work itself.
>
> Intent:
> This deliberately limits the legal effect of network use, avoiding 
> spillover into unrelated systems or services.
>
> ---
>
> 3. Service-aware definition of Corresponding Resource
>
> Relevant text:
> > Corresponding Resource means all Source Code required to generate,
> > install, run, and modify the Work, including build scripts, interface
> > definitions, and supporting code specifically designed for or tightly
> > coupled to the Work.
>
> > Corresponding Resource includes only those configuration or integration
> > components that are specifically written to make the covered Work
> > function as a network-accessible service, and does not include general
> > infrastructure or unrelated systems.
>
> Intent:
> This explicitly includes service glue and deployment-specific code, 
> while drawing a clear boundary around general infrastructure.
>
> ---
>
> 4. Anti-gatekeeping and equal-access requirements
>
> Relevant text:
> > Any technical, contractual, procedural, or policy-based measure that
> > has the effect of discouraging, delaying, conditioning, or preventing
> > access to the Corresponding Resource constitutes a failure to comply
> > with the requirements of this License.
>
> > Availability shall not be conditioned on exclusive agreements,
> > non-disclosure obligations, account registration, payment, or
> > acceptance of terms inconsistent with this License.
>
> Intent:
> This addresses modern access barriers common in hosted and SaaS-style 
> distribution models that are not explicitly handled in GPL.
>
> ---
>
> 5. Managed platforms and technological measures
>
> Relevant text:
> > The obligations created by this License arise exclusively from its
> > operative provisions and are independent of such external constraints.
>
> > Technical mechanisms … are permitted provided that such mechanisms
> > do not prevent recipients from accessing, modifying, or conveying
> > the Corresponding Resource of the covered Work under the terms of
> > this License.
>
> Intent:
> This generalizes anti-tivoization principles to managed and 
> platform-controlled environments, without prohibiting legitimate 
> security mechanisms.
>
> ---
>
> If this format is useful, I can extract additional points in the same 
> way for further discussion.
>
> Thank you for taking the time to review this.
>
> Best regards,
> Mehmet Samet Duman
> Author of Project Tick
>
>> Bruce Perens <bruce at perens.com> şunları yazdı (22 Oca 2026 06:14):
>>
>>
>> I would like you to extract the relevant text for each of the 5 
>> points you'd like feedback upon, and present the relevant and 
>> innovative text, only, with each point. I think this would be a 
>> manageable chunk that people could look at and comment upon without 
>> taking a large part of their day. I don't represent anyone but me, 
>> but given the dearth of other participation so far, I am assuming 
>> that other folks would like that too.
>>
>>     Thanks
>>
>>     Bruce
>>
>> On Wed, Jan 21, 2026 at 3:56 PM M.samet Duman 
>> <dumanmehmetsamet at icloud.com> wrote:
>>
>>     Hello Bruce,
>>     Hello all,
>>
>>     Thank you for the feedback. Based on it, I am sharing a revised
>>     draft of the Project Tick General Public License v2.
>>
>>     To avoid unnecessary review burden, I want to be explicit about
>>     what feedback I am asking for and what I am not:
>>
>>     - I am aware of the concern regarding GPL text derivation; this
>>     draft does not
>>       assert originality of expression and is presented solely to discuss
>>       behavioral differences, not to request approval of a new GPL
>>     variant.
>>     - I am not asking for a line-by-line legal review of the entire text.
>>     - I am not claiming originality of wording relative to GPL text.
>>     - I am asking whether the specific behavioral mechanisms
>>     described below are
>>       useful, redundant, or problematic from an Open Source
>>     Definition perspective.
>>
>>     In particular, feedback is requested only on these points:
>>
>>     - Explicit opt-in treatment of network-based source obligations
>>     - Separation of operation from conveyance as legal concepts
>>     - Narrow, explicit definition of Corresponding Resource for
>>     service deployment
>>     - Clear fencing of all explanatory material as non-normative
>>     - Absence of any ecosystem-level interpretive or compatibility
>>     authority
>>
>>     The full draft is included below the signature for reference
>>     only, since the license has not yet been published elsewhere. No
>>     approval is requested at this stage.
>>
>>     If it would be preferable, I am happy to extract and discuss only
>>     individual clauses in follow-up.
>>
>>     Thank you again for the candid feedback and time.
>>
>>     Best regards,
>>     Mehmet Samet Duman
>>     Author of Project Tick
>>
>>     ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
>>     Below is the current draft of the Project Tick General Public
>>     License,
>>     Version 2. This text is provided for reference and discussion
>>     only and is not yet
>>     finalized or published.
>>
>>     PROJECT TICK GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
>>     Version 2, 2 February 2026
>>
>>     Copyright (C) 2026 Project Tick <https://projecttick.org/>
>>     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
>>     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
>>     This is the canonical text of the Project Tick General Public
>>     License, Version 2. Works licensed under this text are governed
>>     exclusively by Version 2 of the License, unless the applicable
>>     copyright holder explicitly authorizes the use of another version.
>>
>>     Preamble
>>
>>     The Project Tick General Public License is a copyright-based copyleft
>>     license intended for software programs, as designated by the
>>     applicable
>>     copyright holder. Unless expressly stated otherwise, this License
>>     applies to the Work solely in its capacity as software.
>>
>>     This License is designed to ensure that recipients of a covered Work
>>     can effectively access, study, modify, and share that Work, without
>>     being subjected to restrictions that undermine the practical exercise
>>     of those rights.
>>
>>     By applying this License, a copyright holder authorizes recipients to
>>     use, modify, and convey the Work under a consistent set of
>>     conditions.
>>     Any party that conveys a covered Work must do so in a manner that
>>     preserves the same rights and obligations for all downstream
>>     recipients.
>>
>>     This License places particular emphasis on the availability of the
>>     Work in forms suitable for modification and reuse. Where a
>>     covered Work
>>     is conveyed together with its preferred form for modification, access
>>     to that form must be provided in a manner consistent with this
>>     License.
>>     A copy of this License must accompany all conveyances of the Work.
>>
>>     The License also defines the scope of permitted use,
>>     modification, and
>>     conveyance in a clear and predictable manner, while disclaiming
>>     warranties for the Work. Unless the copyright holder explicitly
>>     states
>>     otherwise, this License does not impose any obligation to distribute
>>     future versions of a Work under the same terms.
>>
>>     Some devices or deployment environments may impose technical or
>>     design
>>     constraints that affect the execution of modified versions of a Work.
>>     The obligations created by this License arise exclusively from its
>>     operative provisions and are independent of such external
>>     constraints.
>>
>>     Each contributor to a covered Work grants a non-exclusive, worldwide,
>>     royalty-free patent license limited to what is necessary to exercise
>>     the rights granted under this License with respect to that
>>     contributor’s
>>     contributions.
>>
>>     This License preserves the core freedoms and obligations commonly
>>     associated with established copyleft licenses, while explicitly
>>     extending those principles to network-based operation, managed
>>     deployment environments, and service-oriented use cases that are
>>     not consistently addressed by traditional distribution-focused
>>     models.
>>
>>     In practical terms, this License is intended to be understandable
>>     and usable by individual developers, small teams, and community
>>     projects, not only by legal experts. It does not require permission
>>     to use or study the Work, and it does not restrict private,
>>     experimental, or non-public use. Its obligations apply only when
>>     the Work is shared with others or used to provide its functionality
>>     to the public.
>>
>>     This License does not require network-based source disclosure
>>     unless the copyright holder has expressly chosen to enable such
>>     obligations by an Explicit Network Use Notice.
>>
>>     The binding terms governing use, modification, and conveyance of
>>     covered Works are set forth below.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     ------------------------ TERMS AND CONDITIONS
>>     -----------------------------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     ------------------ PART I — CORE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
>>     -------------------
>>     The provisions of this Part define the essential permissions,
>>     conditions, -
>>     and obligations of this License. Compliance with this Part is
>>     mandatory for
>>     any use, modification, operation, or conveyance of a covered
>>     Work. --------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     I. Definitions.
>>
>>     "This License" refers to the Project Tick General Public License,
>>     Version 2.
>>
>>     "Compatible License" means a license that is compatible with this
>>     License under applicable copyright law, without imposing additional
>>     restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted under this
>>     License.
>>
>>     "Copyright" refers to laws similar to copyright that apply to other
>>     types of Works, such as semiconductor chips.
>>
>>     "Work" means a software program licensed under this License.
>>     Each licensee is referred to as "you". "Recipients" may be
>>     individuals or organizations.
>>
>>     To "modify" a Work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the
>>     Work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the
>>     making of an exact copy.  The resulting Work is called a "modified
>>     version" of the earlier Work or a Work "based on" the earlier Work.
>>
>>     To "convey" a Work means any kind of propagation that enables other
>>     parties to make or receive copies of the Work. Mere interaction with
>>     a user through a computer network, without the transfer of a copy,
>>     does not by itself constitute conveying.
>>
>>     "Explicit Network Use Notice" means a clear and prominent notice
>>     placed by the copyright holder stating that operation of the Work
>>     through a computer network shall be treated as conveying for the
>>     purposes of source availability.
>>
>>     To "operate" a Work means to run, deploy, or make functional use
>>     of the Work for the primary purpose of providing its functionality
>>     or output to third parties as a service or system, whether directly
>>     or indirectly, including through a computer network, where such
>>     parties
>>     are not under the direct control of the operator.
>>
>>     A "Library Work" is a Work that is designed to provide reusable
>>     functionality intended to be linked, imported, or otherwise combined
>>     with other independent Works, without, by its nature, forming a
>>     single
>>     Combined Work merely by being present.
>>
>>     "User Product" means (1) any tangible personal property which is
>>     normally used for personal, family, or domestic purposes, and (2)
>>     anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In
>>     determining whether a product is a User Product, doubtful cases shall
>>     be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received
>>     by a particular user, "normally used" refers to the typical or common
>>     use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the
>>     particular
>>     user or the way in which the particular user actually uses, expects
>>     to use, or is expected to use the product.
>>
>>     "Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
>>     procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to
>>     install and run modified versions of a covered Work in that User
>>     Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Resource. The
>>     information must be sufficient to ensure that the continued operation
>>     of the modified object code is not prevented or interfered with
>>     solely
>>     because the Work has been modified.
>>
>>     A "Combined Work" is a Work produced by linking, importing, or
>>     otherwise combining a Library Work with another independent Work,
>>     whether statically or dynamically.
>>
>>     An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
>>     to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
>>     feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
>>     tells the user that there is no warranty for the Work (except to the
>>     extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
>>     Work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License.  If
>>     the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
>>     menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     II. Source Code and Corresponding Resource.
>>
>>     "Source Code" means the preferred form of the Work for making
>>     modifications to it. It includes all files, definitions, scripts,
>>     build instructions, and materials necessary to understand, modify,
>>     build, install, and run the Work in practice, in a form that is
>>     reasonably suitable for editing. "Object Code" means any form of
>>     the Work that is not Source Code. Deliberate obfuscation,
>>     minification,
>>     code generation output without the corresponding human-readable
>>     input,
>>     or any other transformation that materially impairs the readability,
>>     auditability, or modifiability of the Work shall not be considered
>>     Source Code. "Standard Interface" refers to either a formal standard
>>     defined by a recognized standards organization, or, where applicable,
>>     an interface that is widely used and publicly documented among
>>     practitioners working in the relevant language, platform, or
>>     ecosystem. The "System Libraries" of an executable Work include
>>     components that (1) are included as part of the normal packaging
>>     of a Main Component, but are not part of the Work itself, and (2)
>>     serve only to enable use of the Work with that Main Component or
>>     with an implementation of a Standard Interface. In this context,
>>     a "Main Component" refers to a kernel, operating system, window
>>     system, compiler, runtime, or object code interpreter used to run
>>     the Work. For a Work conveyed in object code or other non-source
>>     form,
>>     "Corresponding Resource" means all Source Code required to generate,
>>     install, run, and modify the Work, including build scripts, interface
>>     definitions, and supporting code specifically designed for or tightly
>>     coupled to the Work. The Corresponding Resource does not include
>>     System
>>     Libraries, general-purpose development tools, or third-party
>>     components
>>     that are not derived from the Work and are not required for its
>>     modification
>>     or the exercise of rights granted under this License. Any portion
>>     of the Work
>>     that is licensed under this License must remain licensed under
>>     this License.
>>     This License does not require relicensing of independent
>>     third-party components.
>>     For a Work conveyed in Source Code form, the Source Code itself
>>     constitutes the
>>     Corresponding Resource.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     III. Transmission of Modified Source Versions.
>>
>>     You may convey a Work based on the Work, or modifications derived
>>     from
>>     the Work, in Source Code form under the terms of Section 5, provided
>>     that you also comply with all of the following conditions:
>>
>>       a) The modified Work must contain prominent notices stating
>>     that you
>>          have modified it, together with the date of each such
>>     modification.
>>
>>       b) The modified Work must contain clear notices stating that it is
>>          licensed under this License, together with any applicable
>>     additional
>>          permissions expressly permitted under this License. Such
>>     notices may
>>          replace or update existing notices to accurately reflect the
>>     modified
>>          status of the Work.
>>
>>       c) You must license the modified Work, as a whole, under this
>>     License
>>          to any recipient who receives a copy of it. This License,
>>     and any
>>          applicable additional permissions permitted by it, shall
>>     therefore
>>          apply to the modified Work and all of its parts, regardless
>>     of how they
>>          are packaged or distributed.
>>
>>     This License does not permit relicensing of the modified Work under
>>     different terms. However, this provision does not invalidate
>>     permissions
>>     that you may have obtained separately and independently from the
>>     copyright holders of portions of the Work.
>>
>>       d) If the modified Work includes interactive user interfaces, such
>>          interfaces must display Appropriate Legal Notices, unless
>>     the original
>>          Work did not include such notices and the nature of the
>>     interface makes
>>          their display impractical or unreasonable.
>>
>>       e) If the modified Work is a Library Work, the Library Work
>>     itself must
>>          remain licensed under this License. Linking, importing, or
>>     otherwise
>>          using a Library Work in combination with other independent
>>     Works does
>>          not remove or alter the obligations imposed by this License
>>     on the
>>          Library Work itself, nor does it grant permission to
>>     relicense the
>>          Library Work under different terms.
>>
>>     A compilation of a covered Work with other separate and independent
>>     Works that are not, by their nature, extensions of the covered
>>     Work and
>>     that are not combined with it to form a single unified Work is
>>     referred
>>     to as an "aggregate". The inclusion of a covered Work in an aggregate
>>     does not cause this License to apply to the other Works in the
>>     aggregate,
>>     provided that the compilation and its conveyance do not impose
>>     additional restrictions on the rights granted under this License with
>>     respect to the covered Work.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     IV. Transmission of Non-Source Formats.
>>
>>     For the purposes of this Section, "Network Interaction" means
>>     operation
>>     of a Work through a computer network primarily for the purpose of
>>     providing its functionality or output to third parties, regardless of
>>     whether a copy of the Work is transferred.
>>
>>     This provision is not intended to discourage legitimate service
>>     deployment, experimentation, or community-hosted use of covered
>>     Works. Its purpose is solely to ensure that recipients interacting
>>     with a covered Work through a network are afforded the same practical
>>     freedoms to access, study, and modify the Work as recipients who
>>     receive copies through traditional distribution.
>>
>>     In particular, this License does not require disclosure of unrelated
>>     systems, independent services, or proprietary infrastructure that
>>     are not derived from the covered Work itself.
>>
>>     Operating a covered Work through Network Interaction primarily
>>     for the
>>     purpose of providing its functionality or output to the public may be
>>     treated as conveying the Work where the copyright holder has
>>     expressly
>>     required such treatment by an explicit notice solely for the purposes
>>     of triggering the source availability obligations set forth in this
>>     License. This does not include internal, private, testing,
>>     development,
>>     or incidental uses that do not primarily provide the Work’s
>>     functionality
>>     to the public. In accordance with Sections 4 and 5, you may convey a
>>     covered Work in object code or other non-source form, provided
>>     that the
>>     Corresponding Resource of the Work is made available under the
>>     terms of
>>     this License in a machine-readable form. The Corresponding
>>     Resource must
>>     be made available in a manner that is no less accessible, timely,
>>     and usable
>>     than the object code itself.
>>
>>       a) You may convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical
>>          product (including a physical distribution medium),
>>     accompanied by
>>          the Corresponding Resource fixed on a durable physical medium
>>          customarily used for software exchange.
>>
>>       b) You may convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical
>>          product (including a physical distribution medium),
>>     accompanied by a
>>          written offer, valid for at least three years and for as
>>     long as you
>>          offer spare parts, updates, or customer support for that product
>>          model, to provide any recipient with either:
>>
>>            (1) a copy of the Corresponding Resource for all covered
>>     Works in
>>                the product, on a durable physical medium customarily
>>     used for
>>                software exchange, for a price no higher than the
>>     reasonable
>>                cost of physically performing this transmission; or
>>
>>            (2) immediate and unrestricted access to copy the
>>     Corresponding
>>                Resource through any reasonable and publicly
>>     accessible means.
>>
>>     The refusal or non-acceptance of such a written offer by any
>>     recipient
>>     does not relieve you of the obligation to ensure that the
>>     Corresponding Resource remains publicly available under this License
>>     for the duration required by this Section.
>>
>>       c) You may convey individual copies of the object code together
>>     with a
>>          copy of the written offer described in subsection (b), but only
>>          occasionally, for non-commercial purposes, and only if you
>>     received
>>          the object code accompanied by such an offer.
>>
>>       d) You may convey the object code by offering access from a
>>     designated
>>          location, free of charge or for a fee, provided that
>>     equivalent access
>>          to the Corresponding Resource is offered in the same manner,
>>     without
>>          delay, additional conditions, or practical barriers. If the
>>     object
>>          code is offered from a network server, the Corresponding
>>     Resource may
>>          be hosted on a different server operated by you or by a
>>     third party,
>>          provided that clear, prominent, and persistent instructions
>>     are given
>>          alongside the object code indicating where and how the
>>     Corresponding
>>          Resource may be obtained.
>>
>>     Any technical, contractual, procedural, or policy-based measure that
>>     has the effect of discouraging, delaying, conditioning, or preventing
>>     access to the Corresponding Resource constitutes a failure to comply
>>     with the requirements of this License.
>>
>>       e) You may convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission,
>>          provided that you clearly inform all peers where the object
>>     code and
>>          the Corresponding Resource are being offered to the general
>>     public,
>>          free of charge, under the terms of this License.
>>
>>     A separable portion of the object code whose source is excluded from
>>     the Corresponding Resource as a System Library need not be
>>     included in
>>     the transmission of the object code. If you convey an object code
>>     Work
>>     under this Section in, with, or specifically for use in a User
>>     Product,
>>     and the conveyance occurs as part of a transaction transferring
>>     the right
>>     of possession or use of the User Product to the recipient, the
>>     Corresponding
>>     Resource must be accompanied by the Installation Information.
>>     This requirement
>>     does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the
>>     ability to
>>     install modified object code on the User Product. The
>>     Corresponding Resource
>>     and any Installation Information provided under this Section must
>>     be in a
>>     publicly documented format, must not impose additional
>>     restrictions that
>>     materially limit the practical ability of recipients to exercise
>>     the rights
>>     granted under this License to access, and must remain available
>>     for as long
>>     as necessary to satisfy the requirements of this License.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     V. Termination.
>>
>>     You may not convey, or modify a covered Work except as
>>     expressly permitted under this License. Any attempt to do so
>>     otherwise
>>     is void and shall automatically terminate your rights under this
>>     License. However, if you cease all violations of this License, your
>>     rights under this License from a particular copyright holder are
>>     reinstated provisionally, unless and until that copyright holder
>>     explicitly and finally terminates those rights.
>>
>>     Your rights are reinstated permanently if the copyright holder
>>     fails to
>>     notify you of the violation by reasonable means within sixty (60)
>>     days
>>     after the cessation of the violation.
>>
>>     Additionally, your rights are reinstated permanently if this is the
>>     first time you have received notice of a violation of this
>>     License from
>>     that copyright holder, and you cure the violation within thirty (30)
>>     days after receiving such notice.
>>
>>     Termination of your rights under this Section does not terminate the
>>     licenses of any parties who have received copies of the Work, or
>>     rights
>>     under this License, from you prior to such termination.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     VI. Acceptance Not Required for Possession or Use.
>>
>>     You are not required to accept this License in order to receive,
>>     possess, or use a copy of a covered Work. The mere act of
>>     downloading,
>>     receiving, storing, or executing the Work does not constitute
>>     acceptance
>>     of this License.
>>
>>     Propagation or conveyance of a covered Work that occurs solely as an
>>     automatic, incidental, or passive consequence of using a network,
>>     distribution system, or peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy
>>     likewise does not require acceptance of this License.
>>
>>     However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to
>>     convey, or modify a covered Work. Any such actions without
>>     authorization under this License constitute copyright infringement.
>>
>>     By propagating, conveying, or modifying a covered Work, you indicate
>>     your acceptance of this License and all of its terms and conditions
>>     with respect to those actions.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     VII. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
>>
>>     The license granted to recipients of a covered Work arises solely by
>>     operation of this License and not by virtue of any separate
>>     agreement,
>>     contract, or policy.
>>
>>     Each time you convey a covered Work, the recipient automatically
>>     receives a license directly from the original licensors to use,
>>     operate, study, modify, and convey that Work, subject to the
>>     terms and
>>     conditions of this License.
>>
>>     You are not responsible for enforcing compliance with this License by
>>     third parties.
>>
>>     An "entity transaction" means a transaction that transfers control of
>>     an organization, transfers substantially all of its assets,
>>     subdivides
>>     an organization, or merges organizations. If conveyance of a covered
>>     Work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
>>     transaction
>>     who receives a copy of the Work also receives any licenses to the
>>     Work
>>     that the predecessor in interest had or could grant under this
>>     License,
>>     together with the right to receive the Corresponding Resource of the
>>     Work, if the predecessor possesses it or can obtain it with
>>     reasonable
>>     effort.
>>
>>     You may not impose any additional legal, contractual, technical, or
>>     policy-based restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or
>>     affirmed under this License. Any attempt to impose such further
>>     restrictions is void and shall not affect the rights of recipients
>>     under this License.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     VIII. Patents.
>>
>>     A "Contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes the use of a
>>     covered Work under this License. The Work so licensed is referred to
>>     as the Contributor’s "Contributor Version".
>>
>>     Each Contributor grants to every recipient of the Contributor Version
>>     a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free, irrevocable patent license
>>     under any patent claims owned or controlled by that Contributor, to
>>     the extent that such claims are necessarily infringed by the use,
>>     operation, modification, or conveyance of the Contributor Version in
>>     a manner permitted by this License.
>>
>>     This patent license applies only to those patent claims that are
>>     unavoidably infringed by exercising the rights granted under this
>>     License with respect to the Contributor Version. It does not extend
>>     to patent claims that would be infringed solely as a result of
>>     further
>>     modification, combination, or use beyond the scope of the Contributor
>>     Version.
>>
>>     If you convey a covered Work, you may not rely on, assert, or enforce
>>     any patent license, agreement, covenant, or arrangement that would
>>     result in any recipient being denied the full exercise of the rights
>>     granted under this License.
>>
>>     Any patent license granted in connection with a covered Work must be
>>     non-discriminatory and must extend equally to all recipients of that
>>     Work under this License.
>>
>>     Nothing in this License shall be construed as limiting, excluding, or
>>     waiving any implied patent license, patent exhaustion doctrine, or
>>     other defenses to patent infringement that may be available under
>>     applicable law.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     IX. Linking and Combined Works.
>>
>>     A Library Work covered by this License may be linked, combined, or
>>     otherwise integrated with an independent Work, whether statically or
>>     dynamically, without causing this License to apply to the independent
>>     Work as a whole, provided that the terms of this Section are
>>     satisfied.
>>
>>     The Library Work itself, and any modifications to it, must remain
>>     licensed under this License. Any party conveying a modified
>>     version of
>>     the Library Work, or a Combined Work containing a modified
>>     Library Work,
>>     must comply with the terms of this License with respect to the
>>     Library
>>     Work.
>>
>>     You must not restrict the ability of recipients to modify the Library
>>     Work and to relink or otherwise use a modified version of the Library
>>     Work with the Combined Work. This includes providing the necessary
>>     source code, interface information, and build mechanisms required to
>>     enable such modification and relinking.
>>
>>     A Combined Work that merely links to, imports, or uses a Library Work
>>     through its defined interfaces shall not be required to be licensed
>>     under this License, provided that the Library Work remains separable
>>     and replaceable.
>>
>>     Mere aggregation of independent Works, or communication between
>>     independent Works through standard interfaces, inter-process
>>     communication, command-line invocation, or network protocols,
>>     does not
>>     by itself cause this License to apply to such independent Works.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     X. Equal Access to Corresponding Resource.
>>
>>     Where access to a covered Work or its Corresponding Resource is
>>     granted
>>     to any recipient, such access must be provided in a manner consistent
>>     with the requirements of this License and must not impose additional
>>     restrictions that materially and demonstrably impair the ability of
>>     recipients to exercise the rights granted herein.
>>
>>     Differences in timing, format, location, or method of access
>>     shall not
>>     constitute a violation of this License unless they have the practical
>>     effect of preventing or significantly hindering recipients from
>>     understanding, modifying, or reusing the Work.
>>
>>     The Corresponding Resource must be provided in a form that is
>>     reasonably
>>     usable and modifiable by a competent developer using commonly
>>     available
>>     tools.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     XI. Protection of Contributor Rights.
>>
>>     No agreement, policy, contract, or other arrangement may
>>     retroactively
>>     restrict, revoke, or nullify the rights granted to a Contributor
>>     under
>>     this License with respect to their contributions.
>>
>>     Any additional agreement affecting a Contributor’s contributions must
>>     not diminish the permissions, freedoms, or protections granted by
>>     this
>>     License to that Contributor or to recipients of the covered Work.
>>
>>     If conditions are imposed upon you, whether by court order,
>>     agreement,
>>     policy, or otherwise, that contradict the conditions of this License,
>>     such conditions do not excuse you from complying with this
>>     License. If
>>     you cannot convey a covered Work in a manner that simultaneously
>>     satisfies your obligations under this License and any other
>>     applicable
>>     obligations, then you may not convey the covered Work at all.
>>
>>     You may not impose, accept, or pass through any obligation that
>>     has the
>>     effect of restricting, conditioning, or discouraging the exercise of
>>     the rights granted under this License by recipients of the
>>     covered Work.
>>     For example, if you agree to terms that require the collection of
>>     fees,
>>     royalties, or other consideration as a condition of further
>>     conveyance,
>>     and such terms are incompatible with this License, you must refrain
>>     entirely from conveying the covered Work under those terms.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     XII. Uniform Exercise of Rights.
>>
>>     Where a covered Work is conveyed, distributed, or made available in
>>     object code, executable, operational, or service form, the
>>     Corresponding Resource for that Work must be made available under
>>     this
>>     License no later than the time at which such form is first
>>     provided to
>>     any recipient.
>>
>>     A difference in timing, manner, or conditions under which access
>>     to the
>>     Work or its Corresponding Resource is provided shall constitute a
>>     violation of this License only where such difference materially and
>>     demonstrably prevents recipients from exercising the rights granted
>>     under this License.
>>
>>     Nothing in this Section shall be construed to prohibit staged
>>     releases,
>>     differentiated distribution models, or varied access arrangements,
>>     provided that the Corresponding Resource is made available in a
>>     manner
>>     consistent with the requirements of this License and without imposing
>>     additional restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted herein.
>>
>>     The rights granted under this License apply equally to all recipients
>>     and all fields of endeavor. No restriction or condition may be
>>     imposed
>>     that limits the exercise of such rights based on the nature,
>>     identity,
>>     or purpose of the recipient.
>>
>>     The rights granted under this License may not be negated or
>>     restricted
>>     by separate agreements, policies, or contractual terms to the extent
>>     that such terms conflict with this License.
>>
>>     Where a covered Work is operated as part of a larger system, service,
>>     or deployment, the Corresponding Resource shall include only the
>>     source
>>     code of the covered Work itself and any modifications thereto,
>>     and does
>>     not require the disclosure of independent works or system components
>>     that are not derived from the covered Work.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     XIII. Disclaimer of Warranty.
>>
>>     TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE WORK IS
>>     PROVIDED
>>     "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE
>>     EXPRESSLY STATED IN WRITING, THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER
>>     PARTIES
>>     PROVIDE THE WORK WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
>>     INCLUDING,
>>     BUT NOT LIMITED TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
>>     FITNESS FOR
>>     A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. THE ENTIRE RISK
>>     AS TO
>>     THE QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE WORK IS WITH YOU.
>>     SHOULD THE WORK PROVE DEFECTIVE OR FAIL TO OPERATE AS EXPECTED, YOU
>>     ASSUME ALL COSTS OF NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR, CORRECTION, OR
>>     REMEDIATION.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     XIV. Limitation of Liability.
>>
>>     TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL
>>     ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, CONTRIBUTOR, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES,
>>     CONVEYS, OR OTHERWISE MAKES THE WORK AVAILABLE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
>>     ANY DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DIRECT,
>>     INDIRECT, GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
>>     PUNITIVE DAMAGES, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF, OR
>>     INABILITY TO USE, THE WORK, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED
>>     OF THE
>>     POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     XV. Interpretation of Sections XIII and XIV.
>>
>>     If the disclaimer of warranty or limitation of liability set forth in
>>     Sections XIII and XIV of this License cannot be given full legal
>>     effect
>>     under applicable local law, such provisions shall be enforced to the
>>     maximum extent permitted by that law.
>>
>>     In such cases, courts shall apply the local law in a manner that most
>>     closely approximates an absolute exclusion or limitation of civil
>>     liability in connection with the Work, consistent with the intent of
>>     Sections XIII and XIV, unless a warranty or assumption of liability
>>     accompanies a copy of the Work in return for a fee.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     -------- PART II — NETWORK-BASED OPERATION AND PLATFORM
>>     CONSTRAINTS--------
>>     This Part clarifies how the core obligations of this License
>>     apply when ---
>>     a covered Work is operated, deployed, or made available as part
>>     of a ------
>>     network-accessible service or managed system. THIS PART IS
>>     NON-NORMATIVE. -
>>     Nothing in this Part creates additional permissions, obligations,
>>     or ------
>>     restrictions beyond those expressly set forth in Part I.
>>     ------------------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     I. Design Intent and Scope (Non-Normative)
>>
>>     This License is intentionally designed to address deployment models
>>     and technical realities that are insufficiently covered by existing
>>     copyleft licenses, including but not limited to:
>>
>>     - Network-based service operation without distribution
>>     - Managed deployment environments and platform-controlled systems
>>     - Modern software supply chains involving orchestration and
>>     service glue
>>
>>     The operative provisions of this License reflect these goals
>>     directly.
>>     This explanatory section is non-normative and does not modify the
>>     legal
>>     terms of the License.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     II. Authority of Interpretation.
>>
>>     The terms of this License shall be interpreted according to their
>>     plain meaning and intent, as expressed in the text of this License,
>>     and in accordance with applicable law. No person or organization may
>>     grant permissions, exceptions, or interpretations that purport to
>>     modify the terms of this License or impose additional obligations
>>     beyond those expressly stated herein, except by the applicable
>>     copyright holder with respect to their own contributions.
>>     Any statements, policies, guidance documents, contractual terms,
>>     or representations not expressly incorporated into this License
>>     shall have no effect on the scope, interpretation, or enforcement
>>     of the rights and obligations granted under this License. Nothing
>>     in this section limits judicial interpretation, community analysis,
>>     academic commentary, or non-binding explanatory materials, provided
>>     that such materials do not claim to alter or supersede the terms of
>>     this License.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     III. Protection of Users’ Legal Rights Against Technological
>>     Measures.
>>
>>     No covered Work shall be considered part of an effective
>>     technological
>>     measure under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 20
>>     December 1996,
>>     or any similar law, to the extent that such a measure is used
>>     primarily
>>     to restrict or prohibit the exercise of rights granted under this
>>     License.
>>
>>     By licensing, conveying, or otherwise applying this License to a
>>     Work,
>>     you agree not to assert any legal right to prohibit or restrict the
>>     circumvention of technological measures where such circumvention is
>>     necessary to exercise the rights granted under this License.
>>
>>     This Section does not prohibit the use of technical mechanisms
>>     that are
>>     designed solely to ensure system integrity, security,
>>     authenticity, or
>>     reliable distribution, including but not limited to secure boot
>>     mechanisms, cryptographic signature verification, or platform-level
>>     distribution requirements, provided that such mechanisms do not
>>     prevent
>>     recipients from accessing, modifying, or conveying the Corresponding
>>     Resource of the covered Work under the terms of this License.
>>
>>     Any technological, contractual, legal, or policy-based mechanism
>>     that,
>>     in practice, conditions access to the Corresponding Resource on
>>     payment,
>>     exclusive agreements, subscription status, customer
>>     classification, or
>>     acceptance of terms inconsistent with this License shall be deemed a
>>     technological measure for the purposes of this Section.
>>
>>     Platform policies or distribution requirements that apply uniformly,
>>     without discrimination, and that do not restrict the availability or
>>     exercise of rights granted under this License shall not, by
>>     themselves,
>>     constitute a violation of this Section.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     IV. Additional Terms.
>>
>>     Nothing in this License grants permission to relicense a Work in a
>>     manner not permitted by the terms under which that Work was
>>     originally
>>     licensed.
>>
>>     "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement this License by
>>     granting limited exceptions to one or more of its conditions, without
>>     removing, weakening, or contradicting the core requirements of this
>>     License.
>>
>>     Additional permissions that apply to an entire Work shall be treated
>>     as incorporated into this License with respect to that Work, to the
>>     extent that they are valid under applicable law. Where additional
>>     permissions apply only to a specific portion of a Work, that portion
>>     may be used under those permissions, provided that the Work as a
>>     whole
>>     remains governed by this License.
>>
>>     When conveying a Work covered by this License, you are not
>>     required to
>>     propagate additional permissions that were granted by a previous
>>     contributor, unless such permissions are inseparable from the
>>     material
>>     to which they apply. Additional permissions may also be removed when
>>     modifying the Work, where such removal is necessary to preserve the
>>     consistency or intent of this License.
>>
>>     You may place additional permissions on material added by you to a
>>     covered Work, provided that you have the authority to grant such
>>     permissions for that material.
>>
>>     Notwithstanding the other provisions of this License, additional
>>     permissions applicable to material added by you may include terms
>>     that:
>>
>>       a) disclaim warranty or limit liability for that material;
>>
>>       b) require that reasonable legal notices or author attributions be
>>          preserved in Appropriate Legal Notices associated with that
>>     material;
>>
>>       c) prohibit misrepresentation of the origin of that material or
>>     require
>>          that modified versions be clearly marked as such;
>>
>>       d) restrict the promotional use of the names of licensors or
>>     authors
>>          of that material;
>>
>>       e) disclaim any rights under trademark law to use specific
>>     trade names,
>>          trademarks, or service marks associated with that material.
>>
>>     No additional permission may impose conditions that restrict, negate,
>>     or circumvent the obligations of this License concerning source
>>     availability, copyleft requirements, network-based use, or the rights
>>     of recipients to use, modify, and redistribute the Work.
>>
>>     Where additional permissions apply to a Work, the applicable source
>>     files must include a clear notice describing those permissions or
>>     indicating where the full text of such permissions may be found.
>>
>>     Notwithstanding the copyleft requirements of this License, a covered
>>     Work may be combined, linked, or otherwise used together with a Work
>>     licensed under a Compatible License, provided that such
>>     combination does not impose additional restrictions on the covered
>>     Work beyond those permitted by this License.
>>
>>     A Work licensed under a Compatible License shall be
>>     considered, for the purposes of this License, to be
>>     license-compatible
>>     with this License. Such compatibility applies solely for the purposes
>>     of combination, linking, and interoperability, and does not alter the
>>     copyleft requirements applicable to the covered Work itself.
>>
>>     The designation of a Compatible License does not grant
>>     permission to relicense a covered Work under that license, unless
>>     such
>>     permission is expressly stated by the applicable copyright holder.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     V. Essential Permissions.
>>
>>     All rights granted under this License are granted for the full
>>     term of
>>     copyright applicable to the Work and are irrevocable, provided that
>>     the conditions of this License are satisfied. Subject to the
>>     terms and
>>     conditions of this License, you are permitted to use, operate, study,
>>     modify, and convey the Work. Operation of an unmodified Work for
>>     private,
>>     internal, testing, development, or evaluation purposes does not,
>>     by itself,
>>     impose any obligation to convey the Work or make its
>>     Corresponding Resource
>>     available, except where expressly stated in this License.
>>
>>     You may convey the Work, in original or modified form, provided that
>>     each recipient receives the same rights and obligations under this
>>     License, and that no additional restrictions are imposed on the
>>     exercise of those rights.
>>
>>     You may engage third parties to perform activities on your behalf
>>     relating to the creation, modification, operation, or display of the
>>     Work, provided that such activities are carried out under your
>>     authorization and that no copies of the Work are retained, conveyed,
>>     or made available beyond the scope of that engagement, except as
>>     permitted under this License.
>>
>>     If the Work, or a modified version of the Work, is operated primarily
>>     for the purpose of providing its functionality or output to third
>>     parties through a computer network, including via hosted, remote, or
>>     internet-accessible services, such operation may be treated as
>>     conveyance
>>     solely for the purpose of triggering the source availability
>>     obligations
>>     expressly set forth in this License, where an Explicit Network Use
>>     Notice applies. In such cases, the Corresponding Resource of the Work
>>     must be made publicly available under this License in a reasonable,
>>     timely, and accessible manner, at no additional charge.
>>
>>     Any output resulting from the operation of the Work is covered under
>>     this License only to the extent that such output itself constitutes,
>>     in whole or in part, a covered Work or a derivative thereof.
>>
>>     Sublicensing of the Work as a separate license grant is not
>>     permitted.
>>     All rights granted to recipients arise solely from this License
>>     and not
>>     from any separate license grant by an intermediary. This License may
>>     not be applied to a Work in a manner that subjects the same Work, in
>>     whole or in part, to additional or conflicting license terms.
>>     Relicensing
>>     of the Work is permitted only where explicitly authorized under
>>     the terms
>>     of this License.
>>
>>     V.a Network-Based Operation
>>
>>     The obligations described in this License apply in addition to, and
>>     independently from, any obligations arising from distribution or
>>     transfer of copies, including where the Work is operated to provide
>>     functionality to third parties through a network.
>>
>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>
>>     VI. Transmission of Identical Copies.
>>
>>     You may convey exact, unmodified copies of the Work, as received,
>>     in any
>>     medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on
>>     each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices
>>     stating that this License applies to the Work and that no warranty is
>>     provided; and provide all recipients with a copy of this License.
>>
>>     The conveyance of identical copies under this Section shall not
>>     impose
>>     any technical, contractual, procedural, or practical restrictions
>>     that
>>     would limit or interfere with the recipients’ ability to access,
>>     copy,
>>     modify, or redistribute the Work in accordance with the terms of this
>>     License.
>>
>>     Where identical copies of the Work are made available to any
>>     recipient
>>     through online services, subscription-based systems, or controlled
>>     access platforms, the Corresponding Resource for that Work must
>>     be made
>>     publicly available under this License no later than the time such
>>     copies
>>     are first made available to any recipient. Such availability
>>     shall not
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>>     account registration, payment, or acceptance of terms
>>     inconsistent with
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>>     Nothing in this License prohibits charging a fee for the physical
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>>
>>     Distribution of the Work through application stores, repositories, or
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>>     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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>>     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
>>
>>
>>>     Bruce Perens <bruce at perens.com> şunları yazdı (22 Oca 2026 01:01):
>>>
>>>     First, this is substantially derivative of GPL text, which
>>>     itself has terms preventing its modification. If you are not
>>>     going to get the permission of FSF, you should fix that. And FSF
>>>     may not grant permission in the interest of reducing license
>>>     propagation.
>>>
>>>     Second, although you have stated your design goals, you have not
>>>     shown what language achieves those goals and how it is different
>>>     from existing licenses like GPL. You should do that in detail,
>>>     because this thing is big enough that I don't want to spend
>>>     hours decoding it and differentiating it from GPL, and I doubt
>>>     many other people would want to either, especially given the
>>>     likelyhood of this becoming a viable license with significant
>>>     community use - which is still very much in doubt.  It would
>>>     probably be better for you to put up the language you think is
>>>     innovative and we can discuss those pieces.
>>>
>>>         Thanks
>>>
>>>         Bruce
>>>
>>>     On Wed, Jan 21, 2026 at 10:10 AM M.samet Duman via
>>>     License-discuss <license-discuss at lists.opensource.org> wrote:
>>>
>>>         Hello all,
>>>
>>>         Following the recent guidance, I am sharing this text here
>>>         on license-discuss rather than license-review.
>>>
>>>         Below is the draft of the Project Tick General Public
>>>         License, Version 2.0 (only). This version is intended to be
>>>         a stable release candidate, but it is still open to
>>>         refinement based on community feedback before any formal
>>>         submission.
>>>
>>>         The design goals for v2.0 are:
>>>
>>>         - To remain clearly within the GPLv3 / AGPLv3 family of
>>>         strong copyleft licenses
>>>         - To address network-based use explicitly, while avoiding
>>>         technology- or interface-specific mandates
>>>         - To focus on practical exercisability of rights rather than
>>>         absolute or rigid prohibitions
>>>         - To avoid unnecessary constraints on legitimate
>>>         distribution models, staged releases, or workflows, provided
>>>         that recipient freedoms are not materially impaired
>>>
>>>         I would appreciate feedback specifically on:
>>>         - Any remaining Open Source Definition concerns
>>>         - Language that may be overly restrictive or ambiguous in
>>>         practice
>>>         - Areas where the intent may be clear to the author but
>>>         unclear to downstream users
>>>
>>>         This is a draft for discussion only; no approval is being
>>>         requested at this stage.
>>>
>>>         Thank you for your time and expertise.
>>>
>>>         ---------
>>>         License text:
>>>
>>>                      PROJECT TICK GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
>>>                           Version 2, 2 February 2026
>>>
>>>          Copyright (C) 2026 Project Tick <https://projecttick.org/>
>>>          Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
>>>          of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
>>>          This is the canonical text of the Project Tick General Public
>>>          License, Version 2. Works licensed under this text are governed
>>>          exclusively by Version 2 of the License, unless the applicable
>>>          copyright holder explicitly authorizes the use of another
>>>         version.
>>>
>>>                                  Preamble
>>>
>>>           The Project Tick General Public License is a copyright-based
>>>         copyleft license designed for use with software programs, where
>>>         explicitly designated by the applicable copyright holder.
>>>         Unless explicitly stated otherwise by the copyright holder, this
>>>         License applies to the Work as a software program.
>>>
>>>           Many Works are distributed under licenses that restrict the
>>>         ability of recipients to use, modify, and redistribute them.
>>>         In contrast, this License is intended to ensure that all
>>>         recipients of a covered Work receive fundamental freedoms to
>>>         access, study, modify, and share that Work.
>>>
>>>           Authors may apply this License to their Works to guarantee
>>>         that these freedoms are preserved when the Work is conveyed
>>>         to others, whether in original or modified form. Any recipient
>>>         who conveys a covered Work is required to pass on the same
>>>         rights and obligations under this License, thereby preserving
>>>         those freedoms for downstream recipients.
>>>
>>>           This License prioritizes the availability of Works in forms
>>>         suitable for modification and reuse. Where a covered Work is
>>>         conveyed together with its preferred form for modification,
>>>         access to that form must not be restricted, delayed, or
>>>         conditioned in a manner inconsistent with the terms of this
>>>         License. A copy of this License must accompany all conveyances
>>>         of a covered Work.
>>>
>>>           This License also protects authors and contributors by clearly
>>>         defining the scope of permitted use, modification, and
>>>         distribution, and by providing the Work without warranty.
>>>         Nothing in this License requires future versions of a Work to
>>>         be distributed under the same terms, unless the copyright
>>>         holder explicitly states otherwise.
>>>
>>>           Certain devices or systems may be designed in ways that limit
>>>         a user’s ability to install or run modified versions of a
>>>         Work. The obligations imposed by this License are defined
>>>         solely by its operative provisions and are independent of
>>>         external design or deployment constraints.
>>>
>>>           Each contributor to a covered Work grants a non-exclusive,
>>>         worldwide, royalty-free patent license to the extent necessary
>>>         to exercise the rights granted under this License with respect
>>>         to that contributor’s contributions.
>>>
>>>           This License is part of a family of licenses developed
>>>         within the
>>>         Project Tick ecosystem. Project Tick may publish documentation
>>>         describing licenses that are commonly used or considered
>>>         compatible
>>>         within the Project Tick ecosystem. Such documentation is
>>>         provided
>>>         solely for informational and community guidance purposes and
>>>         does
>>>         not alter the rights or obligations defined by this License.
>>>
>>>           The precise terms and conditions governing the use,
>>>         modification,
>>>         and conveyance of covered Works are set forth below.
>>>
>>>                                  TERMS AND CONDITIONS
>>>
>>>           0. Definitions.
>>>
>>>           "This License" refers to the Project Tick General Public
>>>         License,
>>>         Version 2.
>>>
>>>           "Project Tick Compatible License" refers, for
>>>         informational purposes
>>>         only, to licenses that Project Tick may publicly identify as
>>>         commonly
>>>         used or considered compatible within the Project Tick ecosystem.
>>>         Such identification is non-normative, does not modify or
>>>         extend the
>>>         terms of this License, does not grant any additional
>>>         permissions, and
>>>         does not constitute an authoritative or legally binding
>>>         determination
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>>>         determined solely by the terms of the respective licenses and
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>>>
>>>           "Copyright" refers to laws similar to copyright that apply
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>>>           12. Patents.
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>>>           This patent license applies only to those patent claims
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>>>         unavoidably infringed by exercising the rights granted under
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>>>
>>>           If you convey a covered Work, you may not rely on, assert,
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>>>           Any patent license granted in connection with a covered
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>>>           Nothing in this License shall be construed as limiting,
>>>         excluding, or
>>>         waiving any implied patent license, patent exhaustion
>>>         doctrine, or
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>>>
>>>           13. Linking and Combined Works.
>>>
>>>           A Library Work covered by this License may be linked,
>>>         combined, or
>>>         otherwise integrated with an independent Work, whether
>>>         statically or
>>>         dynamically, without causing this License to apply to the
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>>>         satisfied.
>>>
>>>           The Library Work itself, and any modifications to it, must
>>>         remain
>>>         licensed under this License. Any party conveying a modified
>>>         version of
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>>>           You must not restrict the ability of recipients to modify
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>>>           A Combined Work that merely links to, imports, or uses a
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>>>           Mere aggregation of independent Works, or communication
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>>>         communication, command-line invocation, or network
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>>>
>>>           14. Equal Access to Corresponding Resource.
>>>
>>>           Where access to a covered Work or its Corresponding
>>>         Resource is granted
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>>>         ability of
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>>>
>>>           Differences in timing, format, location, or method of
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>>>           15. Protection of Contributor Rights.
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>>>           No agreement, policy, contract, or other arrangement may
>>>         retroactively
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>>>           Any additional agreement affecting a Contributor’s
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>>>
>>>           If conditions are imposed upon you, whether by court
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>>>         License,
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>>>         License. If
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>>>         satisfies your obligations under this License and any other
>>>         applicable
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>>>
>>>           You may not impose, accept, or pass through any obligation
>>>         that has the
>>>         effect of restricting, conditioning, or discouraging the
>>>         exercise of
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>>>         covered Work.
>>>         For example, if you agree to terms that require the
>>>         collection of fees,
>>>         royalties, or other consideration as a condition of further
>>>         conveyance,
>>>         and such terms are incompatible with this License, you must
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>>>
>>>           16. Uniform Exercise of Rights.
>>>
>>>           Where a covered Work is conveyed, distributed, or made
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>>>           A difference in timing, manner, or conditions under which
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>>>         demonstrably prevents recipients from exercising the rights
>>>         granted
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>>>
>>>           Nothing in this Section shall be construed to prohibit
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>>>         differentiated distribution models, or varied access
>>>         arrangements,
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>>>         granted herein.
>>>
>>>           The rights granted under this License apply equally to all
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>>>           The rights granted under this License may not be negated
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>>>         thereto, and does
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>>>         components
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>>>
>>>           17. Disclaimer of Warranty.
>>>
>>>           TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE
>>>         WORK IS PROVIDED
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>>>         EXPRESSLY STATED IN WRITING, THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR
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>>>         BUT NOT LIMITED TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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>>>         RISK AS TO
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>>>         WITH YOU.
>>>         SHOULD THE WORK PROVE DEFECTIVE OR FAIL TO OPERATE AS
>>>         EXPECTED, YOU
>>>         ASSUME ALL COSTS OF NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR, CORRECTION,
>>>         OR REMEDIATION.
>>>
>>>           18. Limitation of Liability.
>>>
>>>           TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO
>>>         EVENT SHALL
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>>>         MODIFIES,
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>>>         INDIRECT, GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL,
>>>         EXEMPLARY, OR
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>>>         USE OF, OR
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>>>
>>>           19. Interpretation of Sections 17 and 18.
>>>
>>>           If the disclaimer of warranty or limitation of liability
>>>         set forth in
>>>         Sections 17 and 18 of this License cannot be given full
>>>         legal effect
>>>         under applicable local law, such provisions shall be
>>>         enforced to the
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>>>
>>>           In such cases, courts shall apply the local law in a
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>>>         intent of
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>>>         accompanies a copy of the Work in return for a fee.
>>>
>>>                             END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
>>>
>>>                     How to Apply This License to Your Programs
>>>
>>>           If you develop a new program and wish to grant the public the
>>>         freedoms to use, study, modify, and convey it under the terms of
>>>         this License, you may apply this License to the program by
>>>         attaching the notices described below.
>>>
>>>           It is recommended to place these notices at the beginning of
>>>         each source file, in order to clearly indicate the applicable
>>>         license terms and the exclusion of warranty. Each file should
>>>         include at least a copyright notice and a reference to where the
>>>         full text of this License can be found.
>>>
>>>             <Program name> — <brief description of what the Work does>
>>>             Copyright (C) <year> <author or organization>
>>>
>>>             This Work is released under the Project Tick General
>>>         Public License,
>>>             Version 2.
>>>
>>>             This License grants you the right to use, operate,
>>>         study, modify, and
>>>             convey this Work, provided that all conditions of the
>>>         PT-GPL-2.0-only
>>>             are fully respected. Any distribution or other
>>>         conveyance of this Work,
>>>             whether in original or modified form, must preserve
>>>         these rights and
>>>             the corresponding obligations for all recipients.
>>>
>>>             This Work is provided for practical use and
>>>         experimentation, but it is
>>>             distributed strictly on an "AS IS" basis. No warranty is
>>>         provided, and
>>>             no assurances are made regarding performance,
>>>         correctness, reliability,
>>>             fitness for any purpose, or non-infringement. All risks
>>>         arising from the
>>>             use, operation, or modification of this Work are assumed
>>>         entirely by
>>>             the user.
>>>
>>>             Whenever this Work is conveyed in any form, a complete
>>>         copy of the
>>>             Project Tick General Public License, Version 2, must be
>>>         included.
>>>             If the License text is not distributed alongside the
>>>         Work itself, it
>>>             must be made available through a clear, persistent, and
>>>         publicly
>>>             accessible location, in a manner fully consistent with
>>>         the requirements
>>>             of the License.
>>>
>>>           You are encouraged to include information on how to
>>>         contact the
>>>         author or maintainer of the program by electronic means.
>>>
>>>           If the program provides an interactive user interface, whether
>>>         through a terminal, graphical interface, or network-based
>>>         system,
>>>         it should display Appropriate Legal Notices in a reasonable and
>>>         prominent manner. Such notices should include a copyright
>>>         notice,
>>>         a statement that the program is provided without warranty, and
>>>         information on how to view a copy of this License.
>>>
>>>           If you develop the program as part of your employment,
>>>         education,
>>>         or under contract, you should ensure that no conflicting claims
>>>         exist with respect to the copyright of the program, or that any
>>>         required permissions or disclaimers have been obtained.
>>>
>>>           This License is a copyleft license. Works covered by it
>>>         may not
>>>         be incorporated into proprietary works except as expressly
>>>         permitted by the terms of this License. If you intend to permit
>>>         use, linking, or incorporation under different conditions, you
>>>         should carefully evaluate whether a different license better
>>>         suits your goals.
>>>
>>>         -----------
>>>
>>>         Best regards,
>>>         Mehmet Samet Duman
>>>         Author of Project Tick
>>>         _______________________________________________
>>>         The opinions expressed in this email are those of the sender
>>>         and not necessarily those of the Open Source Initiative.
>>>         Official statements by the Open Source Initiative will be
>>>         sent from an opensource.org <http://opensource.org/> email
>>>         address.
>>>
>>>         License-discuss mailing list
>>>         License-discuss at lists.opensource.org
>>>         http://lists.opensource.org/mailman/listinfo/license-discuss_lists.opensource.org
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>     -- 
>>>     Bruce Perens K6BP
>>
>>
>>
>> -- 
>> Bruce Perens K6BP
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> The opinions expressed in this email are those of the sender and not necessarily those of the Open Source Initiative. Official statements by the Open Source Initiative will be sent from an opensource.org email address.
>
> License-discuss mailing list
> License-discuss at lists.opensource.org
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