<div dir="ltr"><div>Hi Lukas,</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks for your comments.In general, the patent termination provision was crafted to deal with the actual types of patent attacks I most usually see around open source - a company, frequently an NPE, will assert a patent against a large number of users of a common open source application. I wanted to discourage any patent attacks on CAL-licensed software against anyone.</div><div><br></div><div>Looking at the Apache license, for example, the primary entities protected are the *contributors.* The CAL protects both the contributors *and* the Recipients. So if a patent aggressor initiates litigation against a downstream user, a patent-holding contributor can act on behalf of the user (because the license is terminated as to the patent aggressor).</div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Aug 14, 2019 at 4:38 AM Lukas Atkinson <<a href="mailto:opensource@lukasatkinson.de" target="_blank">opensource@lukasatkinson.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div>Summary of differences between CAL and Apache 2:</div><div><ul><li>Apache discourages patent litigation against any entity, CAL only against parties to the license. These groups are not necessarily identical if the patent is incorporated in a differently-licensed contribution that's used by multiple programs, and the patent litigation addresses an unrelated program using the same contribution.<br></li></ul></div></div></div></blockquote><div>I don't think this ends up being a difference. Patents only matter if someone is making/using/selling the software. As a result, anyone with patent exposure would be a Recipient under the CAL.</div><div><br></div><div>In your example of a mixed work, you would have to posit that the patent-infringing material is only in the other-licensed part, not in the CAL-licensed part - in which case, the CAL would not apply.</div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><ul><li>CAL's termination only triggers when patent litigation is <i>initiated</i>, Apache also discourages counterclaims that assert that the Work is infringing. Here, the CAL has weaker protections.<br></li></ul></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Yes, this is by design. We hear about companies that need to play the patent game "for defensive purposes only" - but the Apache-style termination makes that dangerous to do. This allows companies to act in their self-defense without incurring collateral damage. It also creates a self-defense mechanism that other licenses don't allow.<br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><ul><li>CAL terminates all licensed rights (incl. copyright licenses), Apache only the patent licenses. Here, the CAL has stronger protections against aggressors.<br></li></ul></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Not every contributor is a patent holder, but every contributor is a copyright holder. Thus, a wider class of entities would be empowered to act against a patent aggressor, even if they were not directly threatened.<br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div><div><div>Given these differences, it seems that Apache 2 might not be a Compatible Open Source license for the CAL.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">There is no inherent incompatibility that would prevent the licensing of a larger work under the CAL, nor the use of an Apache-licensed subcomponent of a CAL-licensed work.<div><br></div><div>It is true that if someone wanted to assert a patent counterclaim in a case where there was Apache-licensed software in the mix, it would require some analysis. But I analyzed these interactions pretty carefully. It is possible that some actions (e.g., a counterclaim) would preserve a CAL license but not an Apache license, but only in the case where the "Work" was effectively dual licensed - it was covered under the Apache termination provision and the CAL provision. In that case, the more restrictive license would govern.<br></div><div><br></div><div>More specifically:</div><div>CAL subcomponent of an Apache-licensed Larger Work:</div><div> - CAL subcomponent is claimed: The CAL governs. The Apache termination provision can be avoided through careful drafting of a counterclaim.</div><div> - Apache-licensed portion infringes, or the Larger Work as a whole infringes: Apache governs. CAL-licensed portion by itself is insufficient to assert, and so CAL doesn't apply anyway.</div><div><br></div><div>Dual Licensing: Both licenses apply. Actual effect on someone asserting a counterclaim would depend on the contribution clauses in a CLA. Asserting a counterclaim could cause the termination of patent licenses for Apache-licensed-only contributors, but a dual-licensing (Apache/CAL) CLA would preserve patent rights under the CAL side.</div><div><br></div><div>Apache subcomponent of a CAL-licensed work:</div><div> - Apache subcomponent is claimed: Apache governs. <br></div><div> - CAL program (as a whole, or only CAL-licensed portions) are claimed: The CAL governs.</div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">Thanks,<br></div><div class="gmail_quote">Van<br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">_______________________________________________<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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